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1 James S. Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991).

2 James S. Fishkin, The Voice of the People: Public Opinion and Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995); Bruce Ackerman and James S. Fishkin, Deliberation Day (New Haven and  London: Yale University Press, 2004); James S. Fishkin, When the People Speak: Deliberative Democracy and Public Consultation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009). Bruce Ackerman是耶魯大學法學院與政治學系雙聘教授。

3 Ethan J. Leib, Deliberative Democracy in America: A Proposal for a Popular Branch of Government (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University, 2004).

4 Kevin O'Leary, Saving Democracy: A Plan for Real Representation in America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006).

5 Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

6 John P. McCormick, Machiavellian Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011), Chapter 7 “Post-Electoral Republics and the People’s Tribunate Revived,” pp. 170-188。

7 Hélène Landemore, Democratic Reason: Politics, Collective Intelligence, and the Rule of the Many (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012).

8 Hélène Landemore, “Deliberation, Cognitive Diversity, and Democratic Inclusiveness: An Epistemic Argument for the Random Selection of Representatives,” Synthese, No. 190 (2013), pp. 1209–1231

9 Lu Hong and Scott E. Page, “Problem Solving by Heterogeneous Agents,” Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 97, No. 1 (2001), pp. 123–163.

10 Lu Hong and Scott E. Page, “Groups of Diverse Problem Solvers Can Outperform Groups of High-Ability Problem Solvers,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 101, No. 46 (2004), pp. 16385–16389.

11 J. H. Snider, From Dahl to O’Leary: 36 Years of the “Yale School of Democratic Reform,” Journal of Public Deliberation, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2007), http://services.bepress.com/jpd/vol3/iss1/art9/.

12 Dennis C. Mueller, Robert D. Tollison and Thomas D. Willett, “Representative Democracy via Random Selection,” Public Choice, Vol. 12 (Spring 1972), pp. 57-68.

13 E. S. Staveley, Greek and Roman Voting and Elections (London: Thames & Hudson, 1972).

14 Stephen E. Fienberg, “Randomization and Social Affairs: The 1970 Draft Lottery,” Science, Vol. 171, Issue 3968 (January 1971), pp. 255-261.

15 Peter C. Fishburn, “Acceptable Social Choice Lotteries,” in Hans W. Gottinger and Werner Leinfellner, eds., Decision Theory and Social Ethics: Issues in Social Choice (Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1978), pp. 133-152.

16 Ted Becker, Un-Vote for a New America: A Guide to Constitutional Revolution (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1976), pp. 183-185， 192-193.

17 谷歌學術搜索顯示，截止2017年2月7日，這本共被引用5次，除去一次作者自引，兩次俄文引用，其余剩下的兩次引用來自同一位作者。

18 見他的自傳John Burnheim, To Reason Why: From Religion to Philosophy and Beyond (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2011).

19 John Burnheim, “Statistical Democracy,” Radical Philosophy, No. 27 (1981), pp. 5–12; John Burnheim, “Statistical Democracy: How Is a Socialist Democracy Possible?” Thesis Eleven, No. 3 (1981), pp. 60–71.

20 John Burnheim, Is Democracy Possible? The Alternative to Electoral Politics (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1985), 可在此下載http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/democracy/。哈耶克大概是最早發(fā)明“Demarchy”這個詞的人，但哈耶克賦予這個詞的意義是“受到限制的民主”，與本黑姆的用意完全不同，參見F. A. Hayek, “The Confusion of Language in Political Thought,” Occasional Paper, No. 20 (1968), the Institute of Economic Affairs, London, pp. 31-36.

21 Richard G. Mulgan, “Lot as a Democratic Device of Selection,” Review of Politics, Vol. 46, No. 4 (October 1984), pp. 539-560.

22 Ernest Callenbach and Michael Phillips, A Citizen Legislature (Berkeley: Banyan Tree Books, 1985).

 中譯本把書名譯為“強勢民主”，似乎容易引起誤解。本杰明?巴伯（彭斌、吳潤洲譯），《強勢民主》（長春：吉林人民出版社，2006年）。

23 Benjamin R. Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, [1984] 2003), Chapter 10, “The Real Present: Institutionalizing Strong Democracy in the Modern World,” pp. 261-

24 Barry Holden, “New Directions in Democratic Theory,” Political Studies, Vol. 36, No. 2 (1988), pp. 324-333.

25 James S. Fishkin, The Dialogue of Justice: Toward a Self-Reflective Society (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).

26 James S. Fishkin, The Voice of the People: Public Opinion and Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995)

27 Barbara Goodwin, Justice by Lottery (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992)

28 W. Paul Cockshott and Allin Cottrell, Towards a New Socialism (Nottingham: Bertrand Russell Press, 1993).

29 John Gastil, Democracy in Small Groups: Participation, Decision Making, and Communication (Philadelphia: New Society Publishers 1993)

30 Ortwln Renn, Thomas Webler, and Peter Wiedemann, eds., Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation: Evaluating Models for Environmental Discourse (Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1995).

31 Emily Hauptmann, Putting Choice before Democracy: A Critique of Rational Choice Theory (State University of New York Press, 1996).

32 Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

33 Anthony Barnett and Peter Carty, The Athenian Option: Radical Reform for the House of Lords (London: Demos, 1998).

34 見Imprint Academic 出版社的網(wǎng)頁http://www.booksonix.com/imprint/bookshop/category.php?09。

35 研討會的成果是上文提到的Mark E. Warren and Hilary Pearse, eds., Designing Deliberative Democracy。

36 見研討會網(wǎng)頁http://lapa.princeton.edu/eventdetail.php?ID=243。

37 第一次研討會的成果被收入Oliver Dowlen and Gil Delannoi, eds., Sortition: Theory and Practice  (Charlottesville, VA: Imprint Academic, 2010)一書。第二次研討會的主題是“直接民主與抽簽”，其論文集可在此下載http://www.cevipof.com/fichier/p_publication/978/publication_pdf_cahier.56.23.pdf。第三次研討會的廣告見http://www.cevipof.com/fichier/p_rencontre/210/rencontre_programme_fr_programmesortition3rd.pdf。

38 研討會的初步報告可以在此下載http://www.tcd.ie/policy-institute/assets/pdf/Lottery_Report_Oct12.pdf。

39 見Constellations, Vol. 17, No. 3 (September 2010).

40 見Symposium: John McCormick’s Machiavellian Democracy, Good Society, Vol. 20, No. 2(2011).

41 Bruce Ackerman and James S. Fishkin, Deliberation Day (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004)

42 Jon Elster, Securities against Misrule: Juries, Assemblies, Elections (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013)

43 Sanford Levinson, Our Undemocratic Constitution: Where the Constitution Goes Wrong (and How We the People can Correct It) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).

44 Neil Duxbury, Random Justice: On Lotteries and Legal Decision-Making (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999)

45 Carole Pateman, “APSA Presidential Address: Participatory Democracy Revisited,” Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 10, No. 1 (March 2012), pp. 7-19.

46 Jane Mansbridg, “Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent ‘Yes’," The Journal of Politics, Vol. 61, No. 3 (August 1999), pp. 628-57; John Parkinson and Jane Mansbridge, eds., Deliberative Systems: Deliberative Democracy at the Large Scale (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).

47 Jane Mansbridge, “APSA Presidential Address: What Is Political Science For?” Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 12, No. 1 (March 2014), pp. 8-17.

48 Ahmed R Teleb, “Sortition finally in the public eye? A report-back from APSA in Philadelphia,” Equality by Lot, The Blog of the Kleroterians, September 5, 2016, https://equalitybylot.wordpress.com/2016/09/05/sortition-finally-in-the-public-eye-a-report-back-from-apsa-in-philadelphia/.

49 David Van Reybrouck, Against Elections: The Case for Democracy (London: The Bodley head, 2016).

50 Paul Cartledge, “Ancient Greeks would not recognize our ‘democracy’ – they’d see an ‘oligarchy’,” The Conversation, June 3, 2016, http://theconversation.com/ancient-greeks-would-not-recognise-our-democracy-theyd-see-an-oligarchy-60277; Paul Cartledge, “And the lot fell on… sortition in Ancient Greek democratic theory & practice,” March 31, 2016, https://blog.oup.com/2016/03/sortition-ancient-greece-democracy/.

51 Oliver Dowlen, The Political Potential of Sortition: A Study of the Random Selection of Citizens for Public Office (Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2008), pp. 217-218.

52 Detlef Garbe, “Planning Cell and Citizen Report: a report on German experiences with new participation instruments,” European Journal of Political Research Vol. 14, No. 2 (1986), pp. 221-236.

53 參見Ortwln Renn, Thomas Webler, and Peter Wiedemann, eds., Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation: Evaluating Models for Environmental Discourse (Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1995); Usman Khan, Participation Beyond the Ballot Box: European Case Studies in State-Citizen Political Dialogue (London: UCL Press, 1999); Brian Wampler, Participatory Budgeting in Brazil: Contestation, Cooperation, and Accountability (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007).

54 參見Jelke Bethlehem, The Rise of Survey Sampling (Hague: Statistics Netherlands, 2009)。如果說以前對如何抽取有代表性的樣本還有爭議的話，奈曼在1934年發(fā)表的論文被認為在這方面是具有里程碑意義的轉折，見Jerzy Neyman, “On the Two Different Aspects of the Representative Method: The Method of Stratified Sampling and the Method of Purposive Selection,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 97, No. 4 (1934), pp. 558-625.

55 James S. Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform (New Haven: Yale University Press , 1991)

56 有關商議式民調的試點，見斯坦福大學商議民主研究中心的網(wǎng)站http://cdd.stanford.edu/polls/。實際上，溫嶺的作法并非是受到費希金理論的啟發(fā)，而是本土智慧的產(chǎn)物，參見慕毅飛，“溫嶺公共預算民主懇談的實踐與思考”，見劉平、魯?shù)婪?特勞普-梅茨編，《地方?jīng)Q策中的公眾參與：中國和德國》（上海：上海社會科學院，2009年），第106-115頁。除了溫嶺市的澤國鎮(zhèn)以外，近十余年來，江蘇無錫市、黑龍江哈爾濱市、上海閔行區(qū)、河南焦作市、四川巴中市白廟鄉(xiāng)、安徽淮南市、廣東佛山市順德區(qū)等地都進行過參與式預算改革，其中有些地方參與群眾是由隨機抽取的方式產(chǎn)生的，如云南省鹽津縣的四個鎮(zhèn)，參見馬駿，“鹽津縣‘群眾參與預算’：國家治理現(xiàn)代化的基層探索”，《公共行政評論》，2014年第5期，第5-34頁。

57 Mark E. Warren and Hilary Pearse, eds., Designing Deliberative Democracy: The British Columbia Citizens' Assembly (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008); Patrick Fournier, Henk van der Kolk, R. Kenneth Carty, André Blais, and Jonathan Rose, When Citizens Decide: Lessons from Citizen Assemblies on Electoral Reform (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

58 羅雅爾建議的英文版見http://www.southsearepublic.org/article/626/read/royals_participative_democracy。

59 Patrick Fournier, Henk van der Kolk, R. Kenneth Carty, André Blais, and Jonathan Rose, When Citizens Decide: Lessons from Citizen Assemblies on Electoral Reform (Oxford: Oxford University 6Press, 2011), pp. 25-26; J.H. Snide, “Citizens Assemblies: A Mechanism for Enhancing Legislative Transparency and Accountability,” June 19, 2007, http://www.w3.org/2007/06/eGov-dc/papers/NAS-eGovernmentPositionPaper.pdf.

60 Bj?rg Thorarensen, “Why the making of a crowd-sourced Constitution in Iceland failed,” Constitutional Making and Constitutional Change, http://constitutional-change.com/why-the-making-of-a-crowd-sourced-constitution-in-iceland-failed/.

61 Bj?rg Thorarense, “Constitutional Reform Process in Iceland: Involving the People into the Process,” paper presented at Oslo-Rome International Workshop on Democracy, November 7-9, 2011, https://www.uio.no/english/research/interfaculty-research-areas/democracy/news-and-events/events/seminars/2011/papers-roma-2011/Rome-Thorarensen.pdf.

62 Paul Fontaine, “Why Does The New Constitution Matter? An Interview With Dr. Lawrence Lessig,” Reykjavík Grapevine, November 11, 2016, http://grapevine.is/mag/interview/2016/11/11/why-does-the-new-constitution-matter-an-interview-with-dr-lawrence-lessig/.

63 Tanja Aitamurto, Crowdsourcing for Democracy: A New Era in Policy-Making (Parliament of Finland, January 2012), http://cddrl.fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Crowdsourcing_for_DemocracyF_www.pdf.

64 Alan Renwick and Jean-Benoit Pilet, Faces on the Ballot: The Personalization of Electoral Systems in Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 208-209.

65 抽簽過程中共抽取99位成員與99位替補，如果被抽中的成員因種種原因無法到任，則由替補接任。見公民大會官方網(wǎng)站https://www.citizensassembly.ie/en/。

66 Anthony Barnett and Peter Carty, The Athenian Option: Radical Reform for the House of Lords (London: Demos, 1998).

67 Citizens' Assembly project, “Citizens' Assembly Pilots,” http://citizensassembly.co.uk/#.

68 The Political and Constitutional Reform Committee, Do we need a constitutional convention for the UK? March 28, 2013, http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-committees/political-and-constitutional-reform/CC-Report-FINAL-to-TSO.pdf; The House of Lords Library Note, “Constitutional Conventions: Possible Options in the New Parliament,” March 20 2015, http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/LLN-2015-008/LLN-2015-008.pdf; Lucinda Maer, “Citizens’ Assemblies and Constitutional Conventions,” House of Commons Library Briefing Paper No. 07143 (July 28, 2016), http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN07143/SN07143.pdf.

69 iSolon.org, “Government Reports & Legislation Completed Citizen Assemblies,” http://jhsnider.net/CitizensAssembly/GovernmentDocuments.htm.